Intensive animal farming causes a number of hazards, which may have anegative impact on the Baltic Sea Region environmental condition. The possible impactconcerns all components of the environment: air, soil and ? what is the mostimportant for the Baltic Sea ? water (surface water, subsoil water, rainwater). Negative effects of industrial animal farming have also social, economic and legal connotations.
The most inconvenient sources of pollution are big factory farms, in which even a few thousands of animals are kept. This particular kind of animallivestock farming is called industrial (or factory, intensive). In the CouncilDirective 96/61/EC of 24th September 1996 concerning integrated pollutionprevention and control (IPPC Directive/IED) industrial animal farms are defined asplants, that are obligated to possess integrated permits (which includes allpollutant emission from particular plant to all environment components), thatis with livestock density for unless 40,000 individuals (poultry), 2,000 pigsover 30 kg, or 750 sows. In 2008, the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) has recognized large-scale farms as Point Sources of Agricultural Pollution (Baltic Hot Spots). Also factory cattle farms with more than 400 Animal Units, as wellas sheep, goats, horses and fur animals large-scale breeding installations withequivalent number of livestock were counted among this category (HELCOM, 2009).